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Barnett R. Rubin drafted an earlier version of this paper for the Swiss Federal Government, whose support is gratefully acknowledged. While drafting, he consulted Ashraf Ghani, whose longstanding ideas about reconstruction and peacemaking form the basis for many of the recommendations. The Swiss sponsors solicited comments from Ahmed Rashid and Olivier Roy, which have been taken into account in the revisions. Ashraf Ghani and William Maley provided additional comments and suggestions for thefinal version. While the authors may disagree on some points, they all endorse the strategicapproach recommended.
This paper endeavours to describe and analyse notions and practices of locality, of local boundaries and of social boundaries before and during the recent war in Afghanistan. Has the war led to decisive changes in these notions and practices? Since the present turmoil in Afghanistan is conceived of by a large group of the combatants as a jihad, the question also
Materials on Afghanistan's Environmental Problems, Agriculture and Natural Resources
Best Reports, articles, and book chapters discussing Afghanistan
The material on Afghanistan that follows represents preliminary drafts of three chapters of the unpublished volume on Afghanistan in the Federal Research Division's Area Handbook/Country Studies Series. There Are two single country study researchs found here.... Follow the fullstory...
نمايه تاريخی افغانستان
لشکرکشی کورش به سرزمين افغانستان امروزی 535-529 ق.م.
لشکرکشی اسکندر مقدونی 330-327 ق.م.
دولت کوشانی سده اول ميلادی
تسلط ساسانيان بار اول 365-230 ميلادی
تسلط هونهای سفيد 565- 455 ميلادی
دولت مغولی هند 1803 ميلادی
افغانستان کشوری کوهستانی و محاط به خشکی است که در طول تاريخ مدرن خود مشکلات زيادی بواسطه بی ثباتی و منازعات بی وفقه متحمل شده است، به طوری که شالوده اقتصادی و زيربنايی اين سرزمين از هم پاشيده و ميليونها تن از مردم آن به کشورهای ديگر پناه برده اند.دولت مبتنی بر دمکراسی نوپای افغانستان با چالشهای زيادی برای توسعه حيطه کنترل خود بر نقاط خارج از کابل پايتخت و برقراری وحدت ملی روبروست.
An Historical Guide to Afghanistan, by Nancy Hatch Dupree, is the latest in the series of guidebooks published by the Afghan Tourist Organization.This second edition is completely revised and enlarged including three chapters on the Central Route not covered in the first edition. Detailed chapters on important archaeological sites of Ai Khanoum and Tapa Sardar have also been added.
General Background
Afghanistan's significance from an energy standpoint stems from its geographical position as a potential transit route for oil and natural gas exports from Central Asia to the Arabian Sea. This potential includes the possible construction of oil and natural gas export pipelines through Afghanistan, which was under serious consideration in the mid-1990s. The idea has since been undermined by Afghanistan's instability. Since 1996, most of Afghanistan has been controlled by the Taliban movement, which the United States does not recognize as the government of Afghanistan.
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